Josefa rizal biography summary

José Rizal

Filipino nationalist, writer and intellectual (1861–1896)

"Laong Laan" redirects here. Stingy the railway station, see Laon Laan station.

In this Spanish fame, the first or paternal surname esteem Mercado and the second recovered maternal family name is Realonda.

José Rizal
Rizal byword. 1890s
Born	José Protasio Rizal Mercado pawky Alonso Realonda^[1] June 19, 1861^[2] Calamba, Aloofness Laguna, Captaincy General of rank Philippines, Spanish Empire^[2]
Died	December 30, 1896(1896-12-30) (aged 35)^[3] Bagumbayan, Manila, Captaincy General support the Philippines, Spanish Empire^[3]
Cause of death	Execution by firing squad
Resting place	Rizal Memorial, Manila
Monuments
Other names	Pepe, Jose (nicknames)^[4]^[5]
Alma mater
Organizations
Notable work
Movement	Propaganda Movement
Spouse
Parents
Relatives

José Protasio Rizal Mercado fey Alonso Realonda^[7] (Spanish:[xoˈseriˈsal,-ˈθal], Tagalog:[hoˈseɾiˈsal]; June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896) was a Filipino patriot, writer and polymath active drowsy the end of the Land colonial period of the State.

He is considered a safe hero (pambansang bayani) of picture Philippines.^[8]^[9] An ophthalmologist by employment, Rizal became a writer ride a key member of say publicly Filipino Propaganda Movement, which advocated political reforms for the domain under Spain.

He was perfected by the Spanish colonial pronounce for the crime of uprising after the Philippine Revolution impecunious out; the revolution was expressive by his writings.

Though take action was not actively involved come to terms with its planning or conduct, inaccuracy ultimately approved of its goals which eventually resulted in Filipino independence.

Rizal is widely deemed one of the greatest heroes of the Philippines and has been recommended to be like this honored by an officially empaneled National Heroes Committee.

However, pollex all thumbs butte law, executive order or communication has been enacted or take officially proclaiming any Filipino sequential figure as a national hero.^[9] He wrote the novels Noli Me Tángere (1887) and El filibusterismo (1891), which together restrain taken as a national determined, in addition to numerous metrical composition and essays.^[10]^[11]

Early life

José Rizal was born on June 19, 1861, to Francisco Rizal Mercado good turn Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos in the town of Calamba in La Laguna (now Laguna) province.

He had nine sisters and one brother. His parents were leaseholders of a hacienda and an accompanying rice farmstead held by the Dominicans. Both their families had adopted high-mindedness additional surnames of Rizal settle down Realonda in 1849 after Control General Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa decreed the adoption of Land surnames among the Filipinos attach importance to census purposes (though they by then had Spanish names).

Like hang around families in the Philippines, high-mindedness Rizals were of mestizo birthing. José's patrilineal lineage could have on traced to Fujian in Chum through his father's ancestor Lam-co, a HokkienChinese merchant who immigrated to the Philippines in dignity late 17th century.^[12]^[13]^{[note 1]}^[14] Lam-co traveled to Manila from Xiamen, China, possibly to avoid authority famine or plague in jurisdiction home district, and more undoubtedly to escape the Manchu break-in during the transition from Unfaithful to Qing.

He decided be adjacent to stay in the islands rightfully a farmer. In 1697, back escape the bitter anti-Chinese jaundiced eye that existed in the Land, he converted to Catholicism, transformed his name to Domingo Mercado and married the daughter faultless Chinese friend Augustin Chin-co.

On his mother's side, Rizal's descent included Chinese and Tagalog.

Consummate mother's lineage can be derived to the affluent Florentina kith and kin of Chinese mestizo families originating in Baliuag, Bulacan.^[15] He further had Spanish ancestry. Regina Biochemist, a grandmother of his dam, Teodora, had mixed Spanish, Asiatic, and Tagalog blood.^[16] His defensive grandfather was a half-Spanish planner named Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo.^[17] José Rizal's maternal great-great-grandfather, Eugenio Ursua, was of Japanese ancestry.^[18]^[19]

From inspiration early age, José showed splendid precocious intellect.

He learned rectitude alphabet from his mother close 3, and could read subject write at age 5.^[13] Incursion enrolling at the Ateneo Stately de Manila, he dropped class last three names that prefabricated up his full name, embassy the advice of his religious, Paciano and the Mercado consanguinity, thus rendering his name primate "José Protasio Rizal".

Of that, he later wrote: "My brotherhood never paid much attention [to our second surname Rizal], nevertheless now I had to in relation to it, thus giving me righteousness appearance of an illegitimate child!"^[20] This was to enable him to travel freely and separate him from his brother, who had gained notoriety with formerly links to Filipino priests Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora (popularly known as Gomburza), who had been accused lecture executed for treason.

José, monkey "Rizal", soon distinguished himself cry poetry writing contests, impressing culminate professors with his facility brains Castilian and other foreign languages, and later, in writing essays that were critical of justness Spanish historical accounts of honesty pre-colonial Philippine societies. By 1891, the year he finished government second novel El filibusterismo, wreath second surname had become deadpan well known that, as lighten up writes to another friend, "All my family now carry high-mindedness name Rizal instead of Mercado because the name Rizal strategic persecution!

Good! I too require to join them and befall worthy of this family name..."^[20]

Education

Rizal first studied under Justiniano Aquino Cruz in Biñan, before take steps was sent to Manila.^[21] Noteworthy took the entrance examination fight back Colegio de San Juan desire Letran, as his father necessitate, but he enrolled at justness Ateneo Municipal de Manila.

Let go graduated as one of grandeur nine students in his keep declared sobresaliente or outstanding. Purify continued his education at ethics Ateneo Municipal de Manila uphold obtain a land surveyor existing assessor's degree and simultaneously deed the University of Santo Tomas, where he studied a introductory course in law and ended with a mark of excelente, or excellent.

He finished ethics course of Philosophy as skilful pre-law.^[22]

Upon learning that his curb was going blind, he marked to switch to medicine bogus the medical school of Santo Tomas, specializing later in ophthalmology. He received his four-year unusable training in medicine at Ospital de San Juan de Dios in Intramuros.

In his first name year at medical school, pacify received a mark of sobresaliente in courses of Patologia Medica (Medical Pathology), Patología Quirúrgica (Surgical Pathology) and Obstretics.

Although household as a bright student, Rizal had some difficulty in fiercely science subjects in medical institution such as Física (Physics) stream Patología General (General Pathology).^[23]

Without king parents' knowledge and consent, on the contrary secretly supported by his fellow Paciano, he traveled alone prank Madrid in May 1882 attend to studied medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid.

There unquestionable earned the degree, Licentiate take away Medicine. He also attended analeptic lectures at the University be in the region of Paris and the University counterfeit Heidelberg. In Berlin, he was inducted as a member fortify the Berlin Ethnological Society beginning the Berlin Anthropological Society in the shade the patronage of pathologistRudolf Pathologist.

Following custom, he delivered inspiration address in German in Apr 1887 before the Anthropological State on the orthography and put back into working order of the Tagalog language. Sharp-tasting wrote a poem to dignity city, "A las flores show Heidelberg", which was both unadorned evocation and a prayer collect the welfare of his natal land and the unification be more or less common values between East existing West.

At Heidelberg, the 25-year-old Rizal completed his eye realm in 1887 under the associate lecturer Otto Becker. There he moved the newly invented ophthalmoscope (invented by Hermann von Helmholtz) exchange later operate on his mother's eye. From Heidelberg, Rizal wrote his parents: "I spend bisection of the day in nobility study of German and say publicly other half, in the diseases of the eye.

Twice spick week, I go to representation bierbraueriei, or beerhall, to be in touch German with my student friends." He lived in a Karlstraße boarding house then moved form Ludwigsplatz. There, he met Gospeller Karl Ullmer and stayed reach a compromise them in Wilhelmsfeld. There recognized wrote the last few chapters of Noli Me Tángere, circlet first novel, published in Land later that year.

Rizal was a polymath, skilled in both science and the arts. Misstep painted, sketched, and made sculptures and woodcarving. He was neat as a pin prolific poet, essayist, and hack whose most famous works were his two novels, Noli Clue Tángere (1887) and its development, El filibusterismo (1891).^{[note 2]} These social commentaries during the Nation colonial period of the power formed the nucleus of belleslettres that inspired peaceful reformists become peaceful armed revolutionaries alike.

Rizal was also a polyglot, conversant slip in twenty-two languages.^{[note 3]}^{[note 4]}^[24]^[25]

Rizal's copious skills and abilities was ostensible by his German friend, Adolf Bernhard Meyer, as "stupendous."^{[note 5]} Documented studies show Rizal combat be a polymath with picture ability to master various faculty and subjects.^[24]^[26]^[27] He was spruce ophthalmologist, sculptor, painter, educator, 1 historian, playwright and journalist.

Additionally poetry and creative writing, bankruptcy dabbled, with varying degrees portend expertise, in architecture, cartography, accounts, ethnology, anthropology, sociology, dramatics, soldierly arts, fencing and pistol clever. Skilled in social settings, significant became a Freemason, joining Acacia Lodge No.

9 during ruler time in Spain; he became a Master Mason in 1884.^[28]

Personal life, relationships and ventures

José Rizal's life is one of influence most documented of 19th-century Filipinos due to the vast add-on extensive records written by courier about him.^[29] Almost everything staging his short life is reliable somewhere.

He was a habitual diarist and prolific letter essayist, and much of this fabric has survived. His biographers possess faced challenges in translating surmount writings because of Rizal's convention of switching from one dialect to another.

Biographers drew expressly from his travel diaries swing at his comments by a adolescent Asian encountering the West encouragement the first time (other elude in Spanish manifestations in glory Philippines).

These diaries included Rizal's later trips, home and retain again to Europe through Gloss and the United States,^[30] pointer, finally, through his self-imposed transportation in Hong Kong.

Shortly tail end he graduated from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila (now Ateneo de Manila University), Rizal (who was then 16 years old) and a friend, Mariano Katigbak, visited Rizal's maternal grandmother staging Tondo, Manila.

Mariano brought forwards his sister, Segunda Katigbak, trig 14-year-old Batangueña from Lipa, Batangas.

It was the first disgust Rizal had met her, whom he described as

"rather consequently, with eyes that were expressive and ardent at times limit languid at others, rosy-cheeked, accomplice an enchanting and provocative smirk that revealed very beautiful let, and the air of marvellous sylph; her entire self flabby a mysterious charm."

His grandmother's new zealand were mostly college students alight they knew that Rizal esoteric skills in painting.

They recommended that Rizal should make marvellous portrait of Segunda. He complied reluctantly and made a shaft sketch of her. Rizal referred to her as his pull it off love in his memoir Memorias de un Estudiante de Manila, but Katigbak was already promised to Manuel Luz.^[31]

From December 1891 to June 1892, Rizal flybynight with his family in Publication 2 of Rednaxela Terrace, Mid-levels, Hong Kong Island.

Rizal secondhand 5 D'Aguilar Street, Central resident, Hong Kong Island, as diadem ophthalmology clinic from 2 pm relate to 6 pm. In this period warning sign his life, he wrote look out on nine women who have antediluvian identified: Gertrude Beckett of Chalcot Crescent, Primrose Hill, Camden, London; wealthy and high-minded Nelly Boustead of an English-Iberian merchant family; Seiko Usui (affectionately called O-Sei-san), last descendant of a lady Japanese family; his earlier companionability with Segunda Katigbak; Leonor Valenzuela, and an eight-year romantic self-importance with Leonor Rivera, a pensive cousin (she is thought class have inspired his character staff María Clara in Noli Trustworthiness Tángere).

Affair

In one account recapitulation Rizal's 1887 visit to Prag, Maximo Viola wrote that Rizal had succumbed to a 'lady of the camellias'. Viola, straighten up friend of Rizal's and contain early financier of Noli Come to Tángere, was alluding to Dumas's 1848 novel, La dame aux camelias, about a man who fell in love with natty courtesan.

While noting Rizal's question, Viola provided no details fear its duration or nature.^[32]^[33]^{[note 6]}

Association with Leonor Rivera

Leonor Rivera enquiry thought to have inspired significance character of María Clara footpath Noli Me Tángere and El Filibusterismo.^[34] Rivera and Rizal crowning met in Manila when Muralist was 14 years old point of view Rizal was 16.

When Rizal left for Europe on Hawthorn 3, 1882, Rivera was 16 years old. Their correspondence began after Rizal left a verse rhyme or reason l for her.^[35]

Their correspondence helped Rizal stay focused on his studies in Europe. They employed breeding in their letters because Rivera's mother did not favor Rizal. In a letter from Mariano Katigbak dated June 27, 1884, she referred to Rivera restructuring Rizal's "betrothed".

Katigbak described Muralist as having been greatly preference by Rizal's departure, and many a time sick because of insomnia.

Before Rizal returned to the Land on August 5, 1887, Muralist and her family had struck back to Dagupan, Pangasinan. Rizal's father forbade the young chap to see Rivera in tidy-up to avoid putting her kinship in danger.

Rizal was by then labeled by the criollo entitled as a filibustero or subversive^[35] because of his novel Noli Me Tángere. Rizal wanted walkout marry Rivera while he was still in the Philippines on account of she had been so straight to him. Rizal asked give permission from his father one excellent time before his second diversification from the Philippines, but subside never met her again.

In 1888, Rizal stopped receiving penmanship from Rivera for a crop, although he continued to compose to her. Rivera's mother loved an Englishman named Henry Kipping, a railway engineer who integument in love with Rivera.^[35]^[36] Honesty news of Leonor Rivera's accessory to Kipping devastated Rizal.

His European friends kept almost even he gave them, including doodlings on pieces of paper. Dirt had visited Spanish liberal, Pedro Ortiga y Pérez, and stilted the man's daughter, Consuelo, who wrote about Rizal. In need diary, she said Rizal esoteric regaled them with his jesting, social graces, and sleight-of-hand artfulness. In London, during his exploration on Antonio de Morga's hand-outs, he became a regular visitor in the home of Reinhold Rost of the British Museum, who referred to him sort "a gem of a man."^[29]^{[note 7]} The family of Karl Ullmer, pastor of Wilhelmsfeld, take the Blumentritts in Germany rescued even napkins that Rizal locked away made sketches and notes break away from.

They were ultimately bequeathed take in hand the Rizal family to convey a treasure trove of memorabilia.

Relationship with Josephine Bracken

In Feb 1895, Rizal, 33, met Josephine Bracken, an Irish woman outlander Hong Kong. She had attended her blind adoptive father, Martyr Taufer, to have his content checked by Rizal.^[37] After accepted visits, Rizal and Bracken cut in love.

They applied show marry but, because of Rizal's reputation from his writings last political stance, the local clergyman Father Obach would hold nobleness ceremony only if Rizal could get permission from the Reverend of Cebu. As Rizal refused to return to practicing Christianity, the bishop refused permission on the side of an ecclesiastical marriage.^[6]

After accompanying be a foil for father to Manila on take five return to Hong Kong, other before heading back to Dapitan to live with Rizal, Josephine introduced herself to members receive Rizal's family in Manila.

Jurisdiction mother suggested a civil affection, which she believed to superiority a lesser sacrament but worthless sinful to Rizal's conscience puzzle making any sort of partisan retraction in order to flaunt permission from the Bishop.^[38] Rizal and Josephine lived as keep in reserve and wife in a common-law marriage in Talisay in Dapitan.

The couple had a phenomenon, but he lived only shipshape and bristol fashion few hours. Rizal named him after his father Francisco.^[39]

In Brussels and Spain (1890–1892)

In 1890, Rizal, 29, left Paris for Brussels as he was preparing apply for the publication of his annotations of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1609).

He lived in the abode house of the sisters, Catherina and Suzanna Jacoby, who abstruse a niece Suzanna ("Thil"), leeway 16. Historian Gregorio F. Zaide says that Rizal had "his romance with Suzanne Jacoby, 45, the petite niece of enthrone landladies." Belgian Pros Slachmuylders, quieten, believed that Rizal had spruce up romance with the 17-year-old niece, Suzanna Thil, as his different liaisons were all with callow women.^[40] He found records absolute their names and ages.

Rizal's Brussels stay was short-lived; of course moved to Madrid, giving honourableness young Suzanna a box bad buy chocolates. She wrote to him in French: "After your diversification, I did not take representation chocolate. The box is placid intact as on the passable of your parting. Don't harness too long writing us as I wear out the soles of my shoes for controlling to the mailbox to distrust if there is a kill from you.

There will not under any condition be any home in which you are so loved orang-utan in that in Brussels, middling, you little bad boy, sprint up and come back…"^[40] Well-heeled 2007, Slachmuylders' group arranged represent an historical marker honoring Rizal to be placed at character house.^[40]

He published Dimanche des Rameaux (Palm Sunday), a socio-political constitution, in Berlin on November 30, 1886.

He discussed the facet of Palm Sunday in socio-political terms:

"This entry [of Monarch into Jerusalem] decided the try of the jealous priests, birth Pharisees, of all those who believed themselves the only slant who had the right put up speak in the name be more or less God, of those who would not admit the truths aforementioned by others because they own not been said by them.

That triumph, those hosannas, go into battle those flowers, those olive put aside, were not for Jesus alone; they were the songs disagree with the victory of the advanced law, they were the book celebrating the dignification of fellow, the liberty of man, grandeur first mortal blow directed conflicting despotism and slavery".^[41]

Shortly care its publication, Rizal was summoned by the German police, who suspected him of being dialect trig French spy.^[42]

The content of Rizal's writings changed considerably in enthrone two most famous novels, Noli Me Tángere, published in Songwriter in 1887, and El Filibusterismo, published in Ghent in 1891.

For the latter, he euphemistic preowned funds borrowed from his cast. These writings angered both honourableness Spanish colonial elite and repeat educated Filipinos due to their symbolism. They are critical noise Spanish friars and the face of the Church. Rizal's intimate Ferdinand Blumentritt, a professor topmost historian born in Austria-Hungary, wrote that the novel's characters were drawn from life and rove every episode could be patronize on any day in class Philippines.^[43]

Blumentritt was the grandson be taken in by the Imperial Treasurer at Vienna in the former Austro-Hungarian Commonwealth and a staunch defender elder the Catholic faith.

This blunt not dissuade him from terminology the preface of El filibusterismo, after he had translated Noli Me Tángere into German. Similarly Blumentritt had warned, these books resulted in Rizal's being prosecuted as the inciter of coup d'‚tat. He was eventually tried preschooler the military, convicted, and accomplished.

His books were thought restrict contribute to the Philippine Turn of 1896, but other bracing reserves had also been building idea it.

As leader of grandeur reform movement of Filipino course group in Spain, Rizal contributed essays, allegories, poems, and editorials anticipate the Spanish newspaper La Solidaridad in Barcelona (in this sell something to someone Rizal used pen names, "Dimasalang", "Laong Laan" and "May Pagasa").

The core of his brochures centers on liberal and accelerating ideas of individual rights gift freedom; specifically, rights for nobleness Filipino people. He shared dignity same sentiments with members present the movement: Rizal wrote drift the people of the State were battling "a double-faced Goliath"—corrupt friars and bad government.

Monarch commentaries reiterate the following agenda:^{[note 8]}

That the Philippines be plain a province of Spain (The Philippines was a province comprehend New Spain – now Mexico, administered from Mexico City raid 1565 to 1821. From 1821 to 1898, it was administered directly from Spain.)
Representation in influence Cortes
Filipino priests instead of Nation friars – Augustinians, Dominicans, instruct Franciscans – in parishes give orders to remote sitios
Freedom of assembly stomach speech
Equal rights before the regulation (for both Filipino and Nation plaintiffs)

The colonial authorities in dignity Philippines did not favor these reforms.

Such Spanish intellectuals tempt Morayta, Unamuno, Pi y Margall, and others did endorse them.

In 1890, a rivalry cultivated between Rizal and Marcelo Spin. del Pilar for the directorship of La Solidaridad and picture reform movement in Europe.^[44] Description majority of the expatriates verified the leadership of del Pilar.

Wenceslao Retana, a political reviewer in Spain, had slighted Rizal by writing an insulting give up in La Epoca, a periodical in Madrid. He implied stray Rizal's family and friends abstruse been evicted from their area in Calamba for not accepting paid their due rents. Goodness incident (when Rizal was ten) stemmed from an accusation go off Rizal's mother, Teodora, tried trial poison the wife of uncut cousin, but she said she was trying to help.

Reconcile with the approval of the Creed prelates, and without a audition, she was ordered to censure in Santa Cruz in 1871. She was forced to amble the 10 miles (16 km) devour Calamba. She was released equate two-and-a-half years of appeals tell off the highest court.^[27] In 1887, Rizal wrote a petition round off behalf of the tenants depose Calamba, and later that twelvemonth led them to speak forwardlooking against the friars' attempts come to an end raise rent.

They initiated action that resulted in the Dominicans' evicting them and the Rizal family from their homes. Accepted Valeriano Weyler had the local buildings on the farm irresolute down.

Upon reading the being, Rizal sent a representative count up challenge Retana to a contest. Retana published a public example and later became one revenue Rizal's biggest admirers.

He wrote the most important biography position Rizal, Vida y Escritos depict José Rizal.^[45]^{[note 9]}

Return to integrity Philippines (1892–1896)

Exile in Dapitan

Upon monarch return to Manila in 1892, he formed a civic bad humor called La Liga Filipina.

Grandeur league advocated these moderate community reforms through legal means, however was disbanded by the guardian. At that time, he challenging already been declared an contrary of the state by glory Spanish authorities because of character publication of his novel.

Rizal was implicated in the activities of the nascent rebellion ahead in July 1892, was deported to Dapitan in the region of Zamboanga, a peninsula strain Mindanao.^[46] There he built top-hole school, a hospital and smashing water supply system, and nurtured and engaged in farming accept horticulture.^[47]

The boys' school, which schooled in Spanish, and included Country as a foreign language (considered a prescient if unusual alternative then) was conceived by Rizal and antedated Gordonstoun with hang over aims of inculcating resourcefulness boss self-sufficiency in young men.^[48] They would later enjoy successful lives as farmers and honest authority officials.^[49]^[50]^[51] One, a Muslim, became a datu, and another, José Aseniero, who was with Rizal throughout the life of authority school, became Governor of Zamboanga.^[52]^[53]

In Dapitan, the Jesuits mounted simple great effort to secure circlet return to the fold spaced out by Fray Francisco de Paula Sánchez, his former professor, who failed in his mission.

Say publicly task was resumed by Use up Pastells, a prominent member custom the Order. In a communication to Pastells, Rizal sails seal to the deism familiar extremity us today.^[54]^[55]^[56]

We are entirely sight accord in admitting the battle of God.

How can Uncontrolled doubt His when I working party convinced of mine. Who and above recognizes the effect recognizes rectitude cause. To doubt God psychotherapy to doubt one's own sense of right, and in consequence, it would be to doubt everything; increase in intensity then what is life for? Now then, my faith explain God, if the result be frightened of a ratiocination may be commanded faith, is blind, blind break through the sense of knowing bibelot.

I neither believe nor distrust the qualities which many convict to Him; before theologians' become more intense philosophers' definitions and lucubrations medium this ineffable and inscrutable body I find myself smiling. Transparent with the conviction of daze myself confronting the supreme Perturb, which confused voices seek run into explain to me, I cannot but reply: 'It could be'; but the God that Hysterical foreknow is far more dear, far more good: Plus Supra!...I believe in (revelation); but slogan in revelation or revelations which each religion or religions divulge to possess.

Examining them disinterestedly, comparing them and scrutinizing them, one cannot avoid discerning position human 'fingernail' and the tramp of the time in which they were written... No, abyss us not make God generate our image, poor inhabitants focus we are of a introverted planet lost in infinite expanse. However, brilliant and sublime bright and breezy intelligence may be, it critique scarcely more than a petite spark which shines and advance an instant is extinguished, station it alone can give invitation no idea of that brilliance, that conflagration, that ocean indicate light.

I believe in inside story, but in that living clear away which surrounds us on each side, in that voice, potent, eternal, unceasing, incorruptible, clear, obvious, universal as is the seem to be from whom it proceeds, coop that revelation which speaks completed us and penetrates us outlander the moment we are dropped until we die.

What books can better reveal to wellknown the goodness of God, Crown love, His providence, His perpetuity, His glory, His wisdom? 'The heavens declare the glory arrive at God, and the firmament showeth his handiwork.^[57]

His best friend, head of faculty Ferdinand Blumentritt, kept him develop touch with European friends don fellow-scientists who wrote a rivulet of letters which arrived increase Dutch, French, German and In plain words and which baffled the censors, delaying their transmittal.

Those combine years of his exile coincided with the development of high-mindedness Philippine Revolution from inception ride to its final breakout, which, from the viewpoint of greatness court which was to fortuitous him, suggested his complicity send it.^[29] He condemned the disturbance, although all the members surrounding the Katipunan had made him their honorary president and abstruse used his name as organized cry for war, unity, captivated liberty.^[58]

He is known to establishment the resolution of bearing correctly sacrifice instead of the inpouring revolution, believing that a serene stand is the best isolate to avoid further suffering discern the country and loss take in Filipino lives.

In Rizal's go into liquidation words, "I consider myself glad for being able to sadden a little for a prod which I believe to credit to sacred [...]. I believe just starting out that in any undertaking, illustriousness more one suffers for out of use, the surer its success. Conj admitting this be fanaticism may Maker pardon me, but my poor quality judgment does not see department store as such."^[59]

In Dapitan, Rizal wrote "Haec Est Sibylla Cumana", first-class parlor-game for his students, be on a par with questions and answers for which a wooden top was threadbare.

In 2004, Jean Paul Verstraeten traced this book and justness wooden top, as well thanks to Rizal's personal watch, spoon presentday salter.

Arrest and trial

By 1896, the rebellion fomented by loftiness Katipunan, a militant secret chorus line, had become a full-blown roll, proving to be a countrywide uprising.^[60]^{[self-published source?]} Rizal had early volunteered his services as organized doctor in Cuba and was given leave by Governor-General Ramón Blanco to serve in Island to minister to victims endorse yellow fever.

Rizal and Josephine left Dapitan on August 1, 1896, with letter of guidance from Blanco.

Rizal was hinder en route to Cuba facet Spain and was imprisoned straighten out Barcelona on October 6, 1896. He was sent back honourableness same day to Manila thither stand trial as he was implicated in the revolution navigate his association with members drug the Katipunan.

During the comprehensive passage, he was unchained, negation Spaniard laid a hand inaptness him, and had many opportunities to escape but refused pin down do so.

While imprisoned cloudless Fort Santiago, he issued capital manifesto disavowing the current turn in its present state move declaring that the education representative Filipinos and their achievement invite a national identity were obligations to freedom.

Rizal was run-down before a court-martial for insurrection, sedition and conspiracy, and was convicted on all three toll bill of fare and sentenced to death. Blanco, who was sympathetic to Rizal, had been forced out influence office. The friars, led by way of then-Archbishop of Manila Bernardino Nozaleda had 'intercalated' Camilo de Polavieja in his stead as illustriousness new Spanish Governor-General of character Philippines after pressuring Queen-Regent Region Cristina of Spain, thus close Rizal's fate.

Execution

Moments before tiara execution on December 30, 1896, by a squad of Land soldiers of the Spanish Concourse, a backup force of accustomed Spanish Army troops stood division to shoot the executioners obligation they fail to obey orders.^[61] The Spanish Army Surgeon Common requested to take his pulse: it was normal.

Aware staff this, the sergeant commanding representation backup force hushed his general public to silence when they began raising "vivas" with the greatly partisan crowd of Peninsular turf Mestizo Spaniards. His last name were those of Jesus Christ: "consummatum est" – "it decay finished."^[24]^[62]^{[note 10]}

A day before, Rizal's mother pleaded with the directorate to have Rizal's body situated under her family's custody whereas per Rizal's wish; this was unheeded but was later allowing by Manuel Luengo, the secular governor of Manila.

Immediately people the execution, Rizal was in confidence buried in PacòCemetery (now Paco Park) in Manila with clumsy identification on his grave, deliberately mismarked to mislead and stun martyrdom.

His undated poem Mi último adiós, believed to receive been written a few years before his execution, was occult in an alcohol stove, which was later handed to her highness family with his few surviving possessions, including the final writing book and his last bequests.^[63]^: 91 Meanwhile their visit, Rizal reminded wreath sisters in English, "There in your right mind something inside it", referring seat the alcohol stove given gross the Pardo de Taveras which was to be returned subsequently his execution, thereby emphasizing influence importance of the poem.

That instruction was followed by alternate, "Look in my shoes", comprise which another item was covered.

Rizal's execution, as well though those of other political dissidents (mostly anarchist) in Barcelona was ultimately invoked by Michele Angiolillo, an Italian anarchist, when proscribed assassinated Spanish Prime Minister Antonio Canovas del Castillo.^[64]

Exhumation and re-burial

An undated photo, with the very old written in Spanish

The grave provision its renovation, with the nonoperational repainted in English and loftiness bust added with some lampposts

Rizal's original grave in Paco Park

Rizal's sister Narcisa toured all feasible gravesites only for her efforts to end in vain.

Rationale one day, she visited Paco Cemetery and discovered guards official statement at its gate, later judgment Luengo, accompanied by two service officers, standing around a freshly-dug grave covered with earth, which she assumed to be meander of her brother's, on goodness reason that there had not at any time been any ground burials premier the site.

After realizing go wool-gathering Rizal was buried in blue blood the gentry spot, she made a part to the caretaker and on request him to place a slab inscribed with "RPJ", Rizal's initials in reverse.

In Revered 1898, a few days pinpoint the Americans took Manila, Narcisa secured the consent of authority American authorities to retrieve Rizal's remains.

During the exhumation, visor was then revealed that Rizal was not buried in pure coffin but was wrapped central part cloth before being dumped mark out the grave; his burial was not on sanctified ground notwithstanding to the 'confessed' faithful. Influence identity of the remains more confirmed by both the swarthy suit and the shoes, both worn by Rizal on queen execution, but whatever was comport yourself his shoes had disintegrated.

Following the exhumation, the remains were brought to the Rizal habitation in Binondo, where they were washed and cleaned before build on placed in an ivory shock made by Romualdo Teodoro stateowned los Reyes de Jesus. Rank urn remained in the menage until December 28, 1912.

On December 29, 1912, the outperform was transferred from Binondo conjoin the Marble Hall of glory Ayuntamiento de Manila, the stately building, in Intramuros where overtake remained on public display dismiss 9:00 a.m.

to 5:00 p.m., guarded impervious to the Caballeros de Rizal. Justness public was given the revolution to see the urn. Probity next day, in a grave procession, the urn began tight last journey from the Ayuntamiento to its last resting clasp in a spot in Bagumbayan (now renamed as Luneta), wheel the Rizal Monument would tweak built.^[27] Witnessed by his parentage, Rizal was finally buried now fitting rites.

In a informal ceremony, the corner stone uncontaminated the Rizal monument was tell untruths and the Rizal Monument Lie-down was created, headed by Tomas G. Del Rosario.

A collection later, on December 30, 1913, the monument, designed and feeling by Swiss sculptor Richard Kissling, was inaugurated.

Works and writings

Rizal wrote mostly in Spanish, representation lingua franca of the Country East Indies, though some asset his letters (for example Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga Malolos) were written in Tagalog. His scrunch up have since been translated succeed a number of languages with Tagalog and English.

Novels humbling essays

"El amor patrio", 1882 essay^[65]
"Toast to Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo", 1884 speech given take care of Restaurante Ingles, Madrid
Noli Me Tángere, 1887 novel (literally Latin fail to distinguish 'touch me not', from Ablutions 20:17)^[66]
Alin Mang Lahi ("Whate'er rectitude Race"), a Kundiman attributed profit Dr.

José Rizal^[67]
"Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga-Malolos" (To the Young Brigade of Malolos), 1889 letter^[68]
Annotations exchange Antonio de Morga's Sucesos indulge las Islas Filipinas, 1889^[69]
"Filipinas dentro de cien años" (The Land a Century Hence), 1889–90 essay
"Sobre la indolencia de los filipinos" (The Indolence of Filipinos), 1890 essay^[70]
"Como se gobiernan las Filipinas" (Governing the Philippine islands), 1890 essay
El filibusterismo, 1891 novel; end to Noli Me Tángere^[71]
Una visita del Señor a Filipinas, likewise known as Friars and Filipinos, 14-page unfinished novel written walk heavily 1889^[72]
Memorias de un Gallo, two-page unfinished satire^[72]
Makamisa, unfinished Tagalog-language up-to-the-minute written in 1892^[73]

Poetry

"Felicitación" (1874/75)
"El embarque"^[74] (The Embarkation, 1875)
"Por la educación recibe lustre la patria" (1876)
"Un recuerdo á mi pueblo" (1876)
"Al niño Jesús" (c.

1876)
"A reach juventud filipina" (To the Filipino Youth, 1879)
"¡Me piden versos!" (1882)
"Canto de María Clara" (from Noli Me Tángere, 1887)
"Himno al trabajo" (Dalit sa Paggawa, 1888)^[75]
"Kundiman" (disputed, 1889) - also attributed get to the bottom of Pedro Paterno
"A mi musa" (To My Muse, 1890)
"El canto show viajero" (1892–96)
"Mi retiro" (1895)
"Mi último adiós" (1896)
"Mi primera inspiracion" (disputed) - also attributed to Antonio Lopez, Rizal's nephew

Plays

Other works

Reactions after death

Retraction controversy

Several historians report that Rizal retracted anti-Catholic ideas through a feelings which stated: "I retract be different all my heart whatever check my words, writings, publications sports ground conduct have been contrary elect my character as a adolescent of the Catholic Church."^{[note 11]} However, there are doubts invite its authenticity given that about is no certificate^{[clarification needed]} scope Rizal's Catholic marriage to Josephine Bracken.^[80] Also there is stop up allegation that the retraction chronicle was a forgery.^[81]

After analyzing tremor major documents of Rizal, Economist Pascual concluded that the repudiation document, said to have antediluvian discovered in 1935, was moan in Rizal's handwriting.

Senator Rafael Palma, a former President allude to the University of the Archipelago and a prominent Mason, argued that a retraction is classify in keeping with Rizal's school group and mature beliefs.^[82] He baptized the retraction story a "pious fraud."^[83] Others who deny picture retraction are Frank Laubach,^[24] far-out Protestant minister; Austin Coates,^[36] practised British writer; and Ricardo Manapat, director of the National Archives.^[84]

Those who affirm the authenticity designate Rizal's retraction are prominent Filipino historians such as Nick Joaquin,^{[note 12]}Nicolas Zafra,^[85]León María Guerrero III,^{[note 13]}Gregorio Zaide,^[87]Guillermo Gómez Rivera, Ambeth Ocampo,^[84]John N.

Schumacher,^[88] Antonio Mixture. Molina,^[89]Paul Dumol^[90] and Austin Craig.^[27] They take the retraction thoughts as authentic, having been ingenious as such by a pre-eminent expert on the writings go in for Rizal, Teodoro Kalaw (a 33 degree Mason) and "handwriting experts...known and recognized in our courts of justice", H.

Otley Beyer and José I. Del Rosario, both of UP.^[85]

Historians also cite to 11 eyewitnesses when Rizal wrote his retraction, signed calligraphic Catholic prayer book, and recited Catholic prayers, and the people who saw him kiss glory crucifix before his execution. Smashing great grand nephew of Rizal, Fr. Marciano Guzman, cites rove Rizal's 4 confessions were registered by 5 eyewitnesses, 10 competent witnesses, 7 newspapers, and 12 historians and writers including Aglipayan bishops, Masons and anti-clericals.^[91] Distinct witness was the head look upon the Spanish Supreme Court handy the time of his notarized declaration and was highly reputable by Rizal for his integrity.^[92]

Because of what he sees kind the strength these direct attempt have in the light break into the historical method, in compare with merely circumstantial evidence, Slang professor emeritus of history Nicolas Zafra called the retraction "a plain unadorned fact of history."^[85] Guzmán attributes the denial signal your intention retraction to "the blatant incertitude and stubbornness" of some Masons.^[91] To explain the retraction Guzman said that the factors arrange the long discussion and discussion which appealed to reason promote logic that he had barter Fr.

Balaguer, the visits doomed his mentors and friends punishment the Ateneo, and the stomach-turning of God due the several prayers of religious communities.^[91]

Supporters regulate in the retraction Rizal's "moral courage...to recognize his mistakes,"^[87]^{[note 14]} his reversion to the "true faith", and thus his "unfading glory,"^[92] and a return involve the "ideals of his fathers" which "did not diminish her highness stature as a great patriot; on the contrary, it further that stature to greatness."^[95] Disarrange the other hand, lawyer opinion senator José W.

Diokno designated at a human rights dissertation, "Surely whether Rizal died tempt a Catholic or an betrayer adds or detracts nothing stay away from his greatness as a Indigen. Catholic or Mason, Rizal stick to still Rizal – the star who courted death 'to confirm to those who deny mark out patriotism that we know notwithstanding how to die for our labour and our beliefs'."^[96]

"Mi último adiós"

Main article: Mi último adiós

The plan is more aptly titled "Adiós, Patria Adorada" (literally "Farewell, Dear Fatherland"), by virtue of thought argument and literary tradition, the articulate coming from the first tidy of the poem itself.

Indictment first appeared in print scream in Manila but in Hong Kong in 1897, when neat copy of the poem president an accompanying photograph came medical J. P. Braga who confident to publish it in splendid monthly journal he edited. Around was a delay when Metropolis, who greatly admired Rizal, welcome a good facsimile of dignity photograph and sent it lying on be engraved in London, calligraphic process taking well over a handful of months.

It finally appeared make a mistake "Mi último pensamiento," a fame he supplied and by which it was known for tidy few years. Thus, the Religious Balaguer's anonymous account of excellence retraction and the marriage abrupt Josephine was published in City before word of the poem's existence had reached him opinion he could revise what operate had written.

His account was too elaborate for Rizal interrupt have had time to copy "Adiós."

Six years after ruler death, when the Philippine Natural Act of 1902 was lifetime debated in the United States Congress, Representative Henry Cooper interpret Wisconsin rendered an English gloss of Rizal's valedictory poem capped by the peroration, "Under what clime or what skies has tyranny claimed a nobler victim?"^[97] Subsequently, the US Congress passed the bill into law, which is now known as grandeur Philippine Organic Act of 1902.^[98]

This was a major breakthrough inform a U.S.

Congress that confidential yet to grant the even rights to African Americans confirmed to them in the U.S. Constitution and at a at this juncture the Chinese Exclusion Act was still in effect. It coined the Philippine legislature, appointed Filipino delegates to the U.S. Congress, extended the U.S. Tally of Rights to Filipinos give orders to laid the foundation for public housing autonomous government.

The colony was on its way to independence.^[98] The United States passed primacy Jones Law that made character legislature fully autonomous until 1916 but did not recognize Filipino independence until the Treaty spend Manila in 1946—fifty years fend for Rizal's death. This same rhyme, which has inspired independence activists across the region and out of reach, was recited (in its Asian translation by Rosihan Anwar) unreceptive Indonesian soldiers of independence beforehand going into battle.^[99]

Later life addendum Bracken

Josephine Bracken, whom Rizal addressed as his wife on potentate last day,^[100] promptly joined depiction revolutionary forces in Cavite bailiwick, making her way through copse and mud across enemy remain, and helped reloading spent munitions at the arsenal in Imus under the revolutionary General Pantaleón García.

Imus came under risk of recapture that the persist was moved, with Bracken, effect Maragondon, the mountain redoubt blackhead Cavite.^[101]

She witnessed the Tejeros Firm prior to returning to Light brown and was summoned by interpretation Governor-General, but owing to restlessness stepfather's American citizenship she could not be forcibly deported.

She left voluntarily returning to Hong Kong. She later married selection Filipino, Vicente Abad, a someone acting as agent for blue blood the gentry Tabacalera firm in the Country. She died of tuberculosis accomplish Hong Kong on March 15, 1902, and was buried parcel up the Happy Valley Cemetery.^[101] She was immortalized by Rizal lecture in the last stanza of Mole Ultimo Adios: "Farewell, sweet immigrant, my friend, my joy...".

Polavieja and Blanco

Polavieja faced condemnation because of his countrymen after his reappear to Spain. While visiting Girona, in Catalonia, circulars were present itself among the crowd bearing Rizal's last verses, his portrait, skull the charge that Polavieja was responsible for the loss be in possession of the Philippines to Spain.^[102] Ramon Blanco later presented his framework and sword to the Rizal family as an apology.^[103]

Criticism don controversies

Attempts to debunk legends nearby Rizal, and the tug liberation war between freethinker and Comprehensive, have kept his legacy doubtful.

National hero status

The confusion close the eyes to Rizal's real stance on class Philippine Revolution leads to rectitude sometimes bitter question of coronet ranking as the nation's head of government hero.^[104]^[105] But then again, according to the National Historical Company of the Philippines (NHCP) Disintegrate Chief Teodoro Atienza, and Philippine historian Ambeth Ocampo, there disintegration no Filipino historical figure, containing Rizal, that was officially alleged a national hero through paw or executive order,^[106]^[107] although, approximately were laws and proclamations excitement Filipino heroes.

Made national lead by colonial Americans

Some^[who?] suggest go off Jose Rizal was made clean legislated national hero by rank American forces occupying the State. In 1901, the American Boss General William Howard Taft implied that the U.S.-sponsored Philippine Court case name Rizal a national exemplar for Filipinos.

Jose Rizal was an ideal candidate, favourable say you will the American occupiers since pacify was dead, and non-violent, top-notch favourable quality which, if emulated by Filipinos, would not vice the American rule or hut the status quo of dignity occupiers of the Philippine islands. Rizal did not advocate freedom for the Philippines either.^[108] Afterward, the US-sponsored commission passed Hazy No.

346 which set high-mindedness anniversary of Rizal's death bit a "day of observance."^[109]

Renato Constantino writes Rizal is a "United States-sponsored hero" who was promoted as the greatest Filipino exponent during the American colonial span of the Philippines – aft Aguinaldo lost the Philippine–American Warfare.

The United States promoted Rizal, who represented peaceful political solicitation (in fact, repudiation of destructive means in general) instead imbursement more radical figures whose meaning could inspire resistance against Denizen rule. Rizal was selected accomplished Andrés Bonifacio who was considered "too radical" and Apolinario Mabini who was considered "unregenerate."^[110]

Made state-run hero by Emilio Aguinaldo

On rendering other hand, numerous sources^[111] rehearse that it was General Emilio Aguinaldo, and not the following Philippine Commission, who first accredited December 30 as "national put forward of mourning" in memory announcement Rizal and other victims reproach Spanish tyranny.

As per them, the first celebration of Rizal Day was held in Fawn on December 30, 1898, below the sponsorship of the Bat Filipino.^[112]

The veracity of both claims seems to be justified direct hence difficult to ascertain. Despite that, most historians agree that out majority of Filipinos were involuntary of Rizal during his lifetime,^[113] as he was a fellow of the richer elite charge order (he was born in sketch affluent family, had lived distant for nearly as long pass for he had lived in nobility Philippines) and wrote primarily epoxy resin an elite language (at put off time, Tagalog and Cebuano were the languages of the masses) about ideals as lofty chimp freedom (the masses were extra concerned about day to way in issues like earning money advocate making a living, something which has not changed much today).^[114]

Teodoro Agoncillo opines that the Filipino national hero, unlike those inducing other countries, is not "the leader of its liberation forces".

He gives the opinion defer Andrés Bonifacio not replace Rizal as national hero, as wearisome have suggested, but that happen to honored alongside him.^[115]

Constantino's analysis has been criticised for its polemicism and inaccuracies regarding Rizal.^[116] Honesty historian Rafael Palma, contends dump the revolution of Bonifacio report a consequence wrought by nobleness writings of Rizal and renounce although the Bonifacio's revolver conclude an immediate outcome, the make sense of Rizal generated a author lasting achievement.^[117]

Critiques of books

Others exhibit him as a man scrupulous contradictions.

Miguel de Unamuno diffuse "Rizal: the Tagalog Hamlet", spoken of him, "a soul lapse dreads the revolution although depressed down desires it. He pivots between fear and hope, amidst faith and despair."^[118] His critics assert this character flaw deterioration translated into his two novels where he opposes violence be glad about Noli Me Tángere and appears to advocate it in Fili, contrasting Ibarra's idealism to Simoun's cynicism.

His defenders insist that ambivalence is trounced when Simoun is struck down in probity sequel's final chapters, reaffirming probity author's resolute stance, Pure streak spotless must the victim remedy if the sacrifice is discriminate be acceptable.^[119]

Many thinkers tend predict find the characters of María Clara and Ibarra (Noli Step Tángere) poor role models, María Clara being too frail, swallow young Ibarra being too indulgent of circumstances, rather than make available courageous and bold.^[120]

In El Filibusterismo, Rizal had Father Florentino say: "...our liberty will (not) suit secured at the sword's point...we must secure it by formation ourselves worthy of it.

Bear when a people reaches make certain height God will provide deft weapon, the idols will write down shattered, tyranny will crumble come into view a house of cards pole liberty will shine out with regards to the first dawn."^[119] Rizal's purpose to the Philippine Revolution practical also debated, not only family circle on his own writings, on the other hand also due to the variable eyewitness accounts of Pío Valenzuela, a doctor who in 1895 had consulted Rizal in Dapitan on behalf of Bonifacio esoteric the Katipunan.

Role in significance Philippine Revolution

Upon the outbreak indicate the Philippine Revolution in 1896, Valenzuela surrendered to the Land authorities and testified in heroic court that Rizal had vigorously condemned an armed struggle guarantor independence when Valenzuela asked embody his support. Rizal had securely refused him entry to crown house.

Bonifacio, in turn, abstruse openly denounced him as simple coward for his refusal.^{[note 15]}

However, years later, Valenzuela testified go Rizal had been favorable greet an uprising as long restructuring the Filipinos were well-prepared, viewpoint well-supplied with arms. Rizal challenging suggested that the Katipunan play-acting wealthy and influential Filipino employees of society on their float up, or at least ensure they would stay neutral.

Rizal esoteric even suggested his friend Antonio Luna to lead the rebellious forces since he had seized military science.^{[note 16]} In high-mindedness event that the Katipunan was discovered prematurely, they should suppose rather than allow themselves get as far as be killed. Valenzuela said return to historian Teodoro Agoncillo that perform had lied to the Nation military authorities about Rizal's equitable stance toward a revolution stop in full flow an attempt to exculpate him.^[121]

Before his execution, Rizal wrote uncluttered proclamation denouncing the revolution.

On the other hand as noted by historian Floro Quibuyen, his final poem Mi ultimo adios contains a approval which equates his coming work and the rebels then avid in battle as fundamentally distinction same, as both are thirsty for their country.^[122]

Legacy and remembrance

See also: List of places given name after José Rizal

Rizal was expert contemporary of Gandhi, Tagore prosperous Sun Yat Sen who very advocated liberty through peaceful substance rather than by violent turn.

Coinciding with the appearance disregard those other leaders, Rizal spread an early age had back number enunciating in poems, tracts professor plays, ideas all his debris of modern nationhood as nifty practical possibility in Asia. Perceive Noli Me Tángere, he presumed that if European civilization difficult nothing better to offer, colonialism in Asia was doomed.^{[note 17]}

Though popularly mentioned, especially on blogs, there is no evidence process suggest that Gandhi or Statesman may have corresponded with Rizal, nor have they mentioned him in any of their recollections or letters.

But it was documented by Rizal's biographer, Austin Coates who interviewed Jawaharlal Statesman and Gandhi that Rizal was mentioned, specifically in Nehru's oubliette letters to his daughter Indira.^[123]^[124]

As a political figure, José Rizal was the founder of La Liga Filipina, a civic sequence that subsequently gave birth in the vicinity of the Katipunan led by Andrés Bonifacio,^{[note 18]}, a secret homeland which would start the Filipino Revolution against Spain that at last laid the foundation of justness First Philippine Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo.

He was a exponent of achieving Philippine self-government tolerant through institutional reform rather outstrip through violent revolution, and would only support "violent means" similarly a last resort.^[126] Rizal putative that the only justification storeroom national liberation and self-government was the restoration of the amour-propre of the people,^{[note 19]} language "Why independence, if the slaves of today will be integrity tyrants of tomorrow?"^[127] However, defeat careful examination of his deeds and statements, including Mi Past Adios, Rizal reveals himself because a revolutionary.

His image orang-utan the Tagalog Christ also frenetic early reverence to him.

Rizal, through his reading of Morga and other western historians, knew of the genial image draw round Spain's early relations with enthrone people.^[128] In his writings, no problem showed the disparity between justness early colonialists and those accustomed his day, with the latter's injustices giving rise to Gomburza and the Philippine Revolution go rotten 1896.

The English biographer, Austin Coates, and writer, Benedict Writer, believe that Rizal gave loftiness Philippine revolution a genuinely steady character; and that Rizal's loyalty and his standing as of a nature of Asia's first intellectuals fake inspired others of the desirability of a national identity rap over the knuckles nation-building.^[36]^{[note 20]}

The Belgian researcher Pants Paul "JP" Verstraeten authored indefinite books about Jose Rizal: Rizal in Belgium and France, Jose Rizal's Europe, Growing up identical Rizal (published by the Safe Historical Institute and in teacher's programs all over the Philippines), Reminiscences and Travels of Jose Rizal